18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT

A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.
 Preposition in usage with periods of times and places. We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

17. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

16. PASSIVE VOICE

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
- The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.

- Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white

- Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white

- Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white

- Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white

- Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white

- Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white

- Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white

- Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white

- Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

15. ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m affraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..
It was Sunday morning, Cinta got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Cinta : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Cinta : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

14.OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Putri : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rani?
Mrs. Rani : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Putri : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

13. SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

Formation of sentences
1. Positive
( + ) S + shall/ will + V1
Ex :
- I shall clean the room
- We will go to school
Or
( + ) S + be + going to + V1
Ex :
- I am going to play tennis
- He is going to write a story

Notes : "shall" just can use for subject "I and we"

2. Negative
( - ) S + shall/ will + not+ V1
Ex :
- I shan't buy a shirt
- He won't clean the room
Or
( - ) S + be + not +going to + V1
Ex : I am not going to give a present

Notes : shall not = shan't, will not = won't

3. Interrogative
( ? ) Shall/ will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we playing tennis ?
Or
( ? ) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : Is she going to write story ?

12. NOUN PHRASES

Anda juga bisa KLIK DISINI sebagai tambahan dan dijelaskan secara singkat.
Tetapi penjelasan dibawah ini juga berguna.

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. It cannot begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.

• COUNT and NON-COUNT NOUNS

11. FINITE VERBS

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).


In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!
A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words.
The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.

10. NEWS ITEM

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.


Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

9. INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)
When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
Many of these sentences can also be re-written as exclamatory sentences.
How silly of you to throw away this opportunity!

8. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is a text that draw or teil about something detail. The purpose of descriptive text to describe spesific thing or an object.

Generic structure :
Identification : Identify phenomenon to be describe
Description : Description in detail

Example of Descriptive text

Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.

come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.

7. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.
Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

6. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall



*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Nia : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.



*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Bean : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lien : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.

*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Pupy : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Mhiita : No, Not at all.

*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nica : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Puput : O.k.

5. NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :

1. Orientation :It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features : 1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science

4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...
  

3. INVITATION (WRITTEN)

To invite someone :
• I would like you to …
• We would be pleased if you could …
• Would you like to …?
• Shall we …?
• How about …?






To accept an invitation :

• Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
• Yes, I would. Thanks.
• That would be very nice. Thank you.
• All right!
• O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation :
• I would love to, but …
• That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
• That’s very kind of you, but …
• Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence. It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.

Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.

Telling surprising news
 Guess what!
 Surprise!
 I’ve got news, for you
 Do you know what?
 You won’t believe it!


Expressing surprise :
 Wow! What a surprise!
 That’s a surprise!
 That’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say it surprises me.
 I find it hard to believe
Responding:
 Yeah!
 It is!
 Yup!
 Sure.
 It’s true.
 I’m serious.
 No, I’m not.
 It is.
 Does it?
 It is, isn’t it?
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
 Do you believe it?
 Wouldn’t you believe it?
 Can you imagine that?
 You don’t believe it, do you?
 Don’t you think it’s odd that….?

Expressing disbelief:

*  I don’t believe it.
*  It can’t be true.
*  I can’t think of it.
*  I don’t trust you.

Responding to believe or not :

*  No, I don’t believe it.
*  Are you serious?
*  Are you joking?
*  Are you kidding?
*  You must be joking/kidding!
*  Oh, no! that’s not true!
*  You don’t say!
*  Seeing is believing.
*  Really? That sounds interesting.
*  Really? It’s surprising that.
*  Good heavens
*  My goodness!
*  This is really a surprise!


Example conversation of expression surprise:
Nopli : Whose motorbike is that?
Dios : It’s Norman’s.
Nopli : Are you kidding me?
Dios : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that motorbike this morning.
Nopli : What a surprise!
Example conversation of expression
Putra : Do you still remember the boy we met yesterday?
Eka : Yes.
Putra : I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her riding a sport car this mornin
Eka : A sport car?
Putra : Yes. He looked gorgeous!
Eka : I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.

1. GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:

*  I should like to express my gratitude
*  Thank you very much
*  Thanks for your help
*  How can I thank you?
*  I’m very grateful to you
*  I can’t thank you enough
*  I’m very much obliged to you.


Responding:

*  It was the least I could do
*  You’re welcome
*  No big deal
*  Don’t mention it
*  It’s a pleasure
*  That’s all right
*  Any time

Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:

*  Good grade!
*  Nice work
*  Excellent!
*  Good job!
*  You look great
*  What a nice t-shirt
*  I really must express my admiration for your dance

*  You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:

*  I must congratulate you
*  Please accept my warmest congratulations
*  I’d like to be first to congratulate you
*  Congratulations on your success
*  Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

PRIMBON SEMESTER 2

1. GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT &
CONGRATULATION
2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS
3. INVITATION (WRITTEN)
4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION
5. NARRATIVE TEXT
6. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
7. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
8. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
9. INTRODUCTORY IT
10. NEWS ITEM
11. FINITE VERBS
12. NOUN PHRASES
13. SIMPLE FUTURE
14. OFFERING
15. ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
16. PASSIVE VOICE
17. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT