6. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall



*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Nia : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.



*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Bean : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lien : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.

*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Pupy : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Mhiita : No, Not at all.

*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nica : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Puput : O.k.

5. NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :

1. Orientation :It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features : 1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science

4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...
  

3. INVITATION (WRITTEN)

To invite someone :
• I would like you to …
• We would be pleased if you could …
• Would you like to …?
• Shall we …?
• How about …?






To accept an invitation :

• Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
• Yes, I would. Thanks.
• That would be very nice. Thank you.
• All right!
• O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation :
• I would love to, but …
• That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
• That’s very kind of you, but …
• Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence. It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.

Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.

Telling surprising news
 Guess what!
 Surprise!
 I’ve got news, for you
 Do you know what?
 You won’t believe it!


Expressing surprise :
 Wow! What a surprise!
 That’s a surprise!
 That’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say it surprises me.
 I find it hard to believe
Responding:
 Yeah!
 It is!
 Yup!
 Sure.
 It’s true.
 I’m serious.
 No, I’m not.
 It is.
 Does it?
 It is, isn’t it?
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
 Do you believe it?
 Wouldn’t you believe it?
 Can you imagine that?
 You don’t believe it, do you?
 Don’t you think it’s odd that….?

Expressing disbelief:

*  I don’t believe it.
*  It can’t be true.
*  I can’t think of it.
*  I don’t trust you.

Responding to believe or not :

*  No, I don’t believe it.
*  Are you serious?
*  Are you joking?
*  Are you kidding?
*  You must be joking/kidding!
*  Oh, no! that’s not true!
*  You don’t say!
*  Seeing is believing.
*  Really? That sounds interesting.
*  Really? It’s surprising that.
*  Good heavens
*  My goodness!
*  This is really a surprise!


Example conversation of expression surprise:
Nopli : Whose motorbike is that?
Dios : It’s Norman’s.
Nopli : Are you kidding me?
Dios : No, I’m not. I saw her riding that motorbike this morning.
Nopli : What a surprise!
Example conversation of expression
Putra : Do you still remember the boy we met yesterday?
Eka : Yes.
Putra : I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her riding a sport car this mornin
Eka : A sport car?
Putra : Yes. He looked gorgeous!
Eka : I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.

1. GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:

*  I should like to express my gratitude
*  Thank you very much
*  Thanks for your help
*  How can I thank you?
*  I’m very grateful to you
*  I can’t thank you enough
*  I’m very much obliged to you.


Responding:

*  It was the least I could do
*  You’re welcome
*  No big deal
*  Don’t mention it
*  It’s a pleasure
*  That’s all right
*  Any time

Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:

*  Good grade!
*  Nice work
*  Excellent!
*  Good job!
*  You look great
*  What a nice t-shirt
*  I really must express my admiration for your dance

*  You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:

*  I must congratulate you
*  Please accept my warmest congratulations
*  I’d like to be first to congratulate you
*  Congratulations on your success
*  Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

PRIMBON SEMESTER 2

1. GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT &
CONGRATULATION
2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS
3. INVITATION (WRITTEN)
4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION
5. NARRATIVE TEXT
6. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
7. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
8. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
9. INTRODUCTORY IT
10. NEWS ITEM
11. FINITE VERBS
12. NOUN PHRASES
13. SIMPLE FUTURE
14. OFFERING
15. ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
16. PASSIVE VOICE
17. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT